The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention has urged Nigerians to avoid non-essential travel to Uganda and other countries with confirmed Ebola cases. This follows Uganda’s confirmation of an Ebola outbreak caused by the Sudan strain, with one recorded death and 44 contacts under surveillance. While the World Health Organization (WHO) has not recommended travel restrictions, the NCDC has taken precautionary measures, including heightened surveillance at points of entry and expanded diagnostic capacity in key laboratories. The agency assured that no cases of Ebola have been reported in Nigeria but stressed the importance of vigilance.
Ebola virus disease is a severe illness with a fatality rate of 25 to 90 percent, depending on the strain. The virus spreads through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, contaminated objects, and certain animals like bats and primates. Symptoms appear between two and 21 days after exposure, beginning with fever, headache, muscle pain, and weakness before progressing to vomiting, diarrhoea, and, in severe cases, internal bleeding and organ failure. Healthcare workers, close contacts of infected individuals, and those involved in burial practices without proper precautions face the highest risk of infection.
Early detection Is crucial in the absence of a universal Ebola vaccine.
While Vaccines exist for some Ebola strains, the approved vaccine for the Zaire species is unavailable in Nigeria and does not protect against the Sudan strain behind the Ugandan outbreak. In the absence of a universal vaccine, early detection, isolation, and infection control remain the best defences. The NCDC has advised Nigerians returning from affected areas to report any symptoms immediately, avoid public transport, and await medical assessment from designated health authorities. The agency has also assured that Nigeria’s laboratory network, including Lassa Fever testing centres, can be mobilised if needed.
Nigeria’s ability to prevent an Ebola outbreak largely depends on the effectiveness of its disease surveillance system. The country successfully contained the virus in 2014 through rapid response measures, but challenges remain. Underfunded healthcare Infrastructure and gaps in emergency preparedness could hinder efforts if another outbreak occurs. Strengthening diagnostic capabilities, improving coordination between federal and state health agencies, and training more healthcare workers will be crucial in preventing the rapid spread of the virus. Without sustained Investment in Public Health security, Nigeria risks being caught unprepared should a case emerge within its borders.
Public education is crucial to disease prevention.
Beyond government efforts, public awareness plays a vital role in disease prevention. Clear and consistent communication on symptoms, transmission risks, and necessary precautions can help control outbreaks before they escalate. Health authorities must also counter misinformation, as panic and false claims can lead to distrust in medical guidance and hinder containment efforts. Ensuring that communities, particularly those in high-risk areas, receive accurate information will improve early reporting and compliance with preventive measures, ultimately reducing the potential for widespread transmission.
Furthermore, the current advisory also highlights Nigeria’s broader vulnerability to infectious diseases, especially with its high level of cross-border movement. Outbreaks in neighbouring countries can quickly become a local threat if surveillance and response mechanisms are weak. Sustainable investment in public health infrastructure, including emergency preparedness and response systems, is essential to strengthening Nigeria’s resilience. Proactive measures such as strengthening border health checks, expanding diagnostic capabilities, and reinforcing collaboration with international health bodies will be crucial in reducing the risk of future outbreaks.
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As the world continues to battle emerging infectious diseases, Nigeria must prioritise effective and long-term disease control measures. While immediate containment efforts are necessary, addressing systemic weaknesses in the healthcare sector will ensure that the country is better equipped to handle future public health emergencies. Investing in healthcare infrastructure, strengthening rapid response capabilities, and fostering collaboration with global health organisations will be critical in safeguarding public health and preventing the devastating impact of future outbreaks.